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The Khrushchev Thaw (or Khrushchev's Thaw; or simply ''Ottepel'')〔William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, London: Free Press, 2004〕 refers to the period from the early 1950s to the early 1960s when repression and censorship in the Soviet Union were relaxed, and millions of Soviet political prisoners were released from Gulag labor camps due to Nikita Khrushchev's policies of de-Stalinization〔(Joseph Stalin killer file )〕 and peaceful coexistence with other nations. The Thaw became possible after the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953. Khrushchev denounced Stalin〔Tompson, William J. ''Khrushchev: A Political Life''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995〕 in "The Secret Speech" at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party,〔Khrushchev, Sergei N., translated by William Taubman, ''Khrushchev on Khrushchev'', Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1990.〕〔Rettie, John. "How Khrushchev Leaked his Secret Speech to the World", ''Hist Workshop J''. 2006; 62: 187–193.〕 then ousted the pro-Stalinists during his power struggle in the Kremlin. The term was coined after Ilya Ehrenburg's 1954 novel ''The Thaw ''("Оттепель"),〔(text in original Russian )〕 sensational for its time. The Khrushchev Thaw was highlighted by Khrushchev's 1954 visit to Beijing, People's Republic of China, his 1955 visit to Belgrade, Yugoslavia (with whom relations had soured since the Tito–Stalin Split in 1948), and his subsequent meeting with Dwight Eisenhower later that year, culminating in Khrushchev's 1959 visit to the United States. The Thaw initiated irreversible transformation of the entire Soviet society by opening up for some economic reforms and international trade, educational and cultural contacts, festivals, books by foreign authors, foreign movies, art shows, popular music, dances and new fashions, and massive involvement in international sport competitions. Although the power struggle between liberals and pro-Stalinists never stopped, it eventually weakened the Soviet Communist Party. Khrushchev's Thaw allowed some freedom of information in the media, arts, and culture; international festivals; foreign films; uncensored books; and new forms of entertainment on the emerging national TV, ranging from massive parades and celebrations to popular music and variety shows, satire and comedies, and all-star shows. like ''Goluboy Ogonek''. Such political and cultural updates all together helped liberate the minds of millions and changed public consciousness of several generations of people in the Soviet Union.〔Khrushchev, Sergei N., ''Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower'', Penn State Press, 2000.〕〔Schecter, Jerrold L, ed. and trans., ''Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes'', Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1990〕 ==Khrushchev and Stalin== Khrushchev's Thaw had its genesis in the concealed power struggle among Stalin's lieutenants.〔 Several major leaders among the Red Army commanders, such as Marshal Georgy Zhukov and his loyal officers, had some serious tensions with Stalin's secret service.〔〔Dmitri Volkogonov. Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 1996, ISBN 0-7615-0718-3〕 On the surface, the Red Army and the Soviet leadership seemed united after their victory in World War II. However, the hidden ambitions of the top people around Stalin, as well as Stalin's own suspicions, had prompted Khrushchev that he could rely only on those few; they would stay with him through the entire political power struggle.〔〔The most secretive people (in Russian): Зенькович Н. Самые закрытые люди. Энциклопедия биографий. М., изд. ОЛМА-ПРЕСС Звездный мир, 2003 г. ISBN 5-94850-342-9〕 That power struggle was surreptitiously prepared by Khrushchev while Stalin was alive,〔〔 and came to surface after Stalin's death in March 1953.〔 By that time, Khrushchev's people were planted everywhere in the Soviet hierarchy, which allowed Khrushchev to execute, or remove his main opponents, and then introduce some changes in the rigid Soviet ideology and hierarchy.〔 Stalin's leadership had reached new extremes in ruling people at all levels,〔Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Gulag Archipelago.〕 such as the deportations of nationalities, the Leningrad Affair, the Doctors' plot, and official criticisms of writers and other intellectuals. At the same time, millions of soldiers and officers had seen Europe after World War II, and had become aware of different ways of life which existed outside the Soviet Union. Upon Stalin's orders many were arrested and punished again,〔 including the attacks on the popular Marshal Georgy Zhukov and other top generals, who had exceeded the limits on taking trophies when they looted the defeated Germany. The loot was confiscated by Stalin's security apparatus, and Marshal Zhukov was demoted, humiliated and exiled; he became a staunch anti-Stalinist.〔Georgy Zhukov's Memoirs: Marshal G.K. Zhukov, Memoirs, Moscow, Olma-Press, 2002〕 Zhukov waited until the death of Stalin, which allowed Khrushchev to bring Zhukov back for a new political battle.〔〔Strobe Talbott, ed., Khrushchev Remembers (2 vol., tr. 1970–74)〕 The temporary union between Nikita Khrushchev and Marshal Georgy Zhukov was founded on their similar backgrounds, interests and weaknesses:〔 both were peasants, both were ambitious, both were abused by Stalin, both feared the Stalinists, and both wanted to change these things. Khrushchev and Zhukov needed one another to eliminate their mutual enemies in the Soviet political elite.〔〔Vladimir Karpov. (Russian source: (Маршал Жуков: Опала, 1994 )) Moscow, Veche publication.〕 In 1953, Zhukov helped Khrushchev to eliminate Lavrenty Beria,〔 then a First Vice-Premier, who was promptly executed in Moscow, as well as several other figures of Stalin's circle. Soon Khrushchev ordered the release of millions of political prisoners from the Gulag camps. Under Khrushchev's rule the number of prisoners in the Soviet Union was decreased, according to some writers, from 13 million to 5 million people.〔 Khrushchev also promoted and groomed Leonid Brezhnev,〔 whom he brought to Kremlin and introduced to Stalin in 1952.〔 Then Khrushchev promoted Brezhnev to Presidium (Politburo) and made him the Head of Political Directorate of the Red Army and Navy, and moved him up to several other powerful positions. Brezhnev in return helped Khrushchev by tipping the balance of power during several critical confrontations with the conservative hard-liners, including the ouster of pro-Stalinists headed by Molotov and Malenkov.〔〔World Affairs. (Leonid Brezhnev ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Khrushchev Thaw」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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